diff --git a/schemas/emulator.schema.json b/schemas/emulator.schema.json
index bc6fa4a3..053bb6b8 100644
--- a/schemas/emulator.schema.json
+++ b/schemas/emulator.schema.json
@@ -233,6 +233,21 @@
     "bios_identical_to": {
       "type": "string"
     },
+    "found_by": {
+      "description": "How the code finds the file: by the name it opens, or by content in a folder it scans, the name then being a label. Keyed by build when the libretro and standalone builds differ.",
+      "oneOf": [
+        {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]},
+        {
+          "type": "object",
+          "additionalProperties": false,
+          "minProperties": 1,
+          "properties": {
+            "libretro": {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]},
+            "standalone": {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]}
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     "bios_mode": {
       "type": "string"
     },
@@ -492,6 +507,21 @@
           "has_builtin": {
             "type": "boolean"
           },
+          "found_by": {
+            "description": "How the code finds the file: by the name it opens, or by content in a folder it scans, the name then being a label. Keyed by build when the libretro and standalone builds differ.",
+            "oneOf": [
+              {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]},
+              {
+                "type": "object",
+                "additionalProperties": false,
+                "minProperties": 1,
+                "properties": {
+                  "libretro": {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]},
+                  "standalone": {"type": "string", "enum": ["name", "content"]}
+                }
+              }
+            ]
+          },
           "load_from": {
             "description": "Where the emulator reads the file when not from the system directory, keyed by build when the libretro and standalone builds read it from different places.",
             "oneOf": [
diff --git a/scripts/export_native.py b/scripts/export_native.py
index 105b20d2..5e0029ef 100644
--- a/scripts/export_native.py
+++ b/scripts/export_native.py
@@ -612,6 +612,10 @@ def export_platform(
     withheld = exporter.withheld()
     if withheld:
         summary += f", {_count(len(withheld), 'correction')} withheld"
+    if report.labels:
+        # A content-scanning core's names are labels: a list checked by path
+        # cannot hold them.
+        summary += f", {_count(report.labels, 'entry', 'entries')} found by content not listed"
     messages.append(summary)
     messages.extend(f"withheld: {reason}" for reason in withheld)
     for correction in applied[:5]:
@@ -653,6 +657,7 @@ def export_platform(
         "hashes_cleared": cleared,
         "requirements_corrected": requirements,
         "withheld": list(withheld),
+        "found_by_content": report.labels,
         "invalid": issues,
     })
     return True, messages
diff --git a/scripts/exporter/baseline.py b/scripts/exporter/baseline.py
index ad366382..3c7b1b79 100644
--- a/scripts/exporter/baseline.py
+++ b/scripts/exporter/baseline.py
@@ -61,6 +61,15 @@ def checked_hashes(entry: dict | None) -> dict | None:
     return {k: v for k, v in entry.items() if k not in HASH_FIELDS or k in kinds}
 
 
+def is_label(entry: dict) -> bool:
+    """A name only content-scanning cores give: no core opens that file.
+
+    DuckStation identifies its BIOS by MD5 in a folder it scans, so
+    scph1001_v20.bin names nothing a platform could check by path.
+    """
+    return bool(entry.get("_cores")) and "_named_by" in entry and not entry["_named_by"]
+
+
 def _is_placeholder(name: str) -> bool:
     return "<" in name or ">" in name or "*" in name
 
@@ -282,6 +291,8 @@ class Report:
     files_added: int = 0
     hashes_corrected: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
     required_corrected: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    # Entries only content-scanning cores name: never written as files.
+    labels: int = 0
 
     @property
     def corrections(self) -> int:
@@ -394,7 +405,8 @@ def pair_entries(truth_entries: list[dict], candidates: list[dict]) -> dict[int,
     claimed: set[int] = set()
     for test in _PAIRING_TESTS:
         for t_index, truth_entry in enumerate(truth_entries):
-            if t_index in pairs:
+            # A label answers for no name or path, only for its content.
+            if t_index in pairs or (test is not by_hash and is_label(truth_entry)):
                 continue
             for index, candidate in enumerate(candidates):
                 if index not in claimed and test(truth_entry, candidate):
@@ -549,6 +561,10 @@ def build_native_model(
                     )
                 continue
 
+            if is_label(truth_entry):
+                report.labels += 1
+                continue
+
             # A file another core's entry already claimed is still the
             # platform's file, not a new one: scph101.bin, declared by two
             # PSX cores, was written into RetroDECK's manifest a second time.
diff --git a/scripts/truth.py b/scripts/truth.py
index 01918d87..2bc1e7c7 100644
--- a/scripts/truth.py
+++ b/scripts/truth.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from common import (
     standalone_set as platform_standalone_set,
 )
 from hashing import parse_md5_list
-from validation import filter_files_by_mode, read_from_system_dir
+from validation import filter_files_by_mode, opens_by_name, read_from_system_dir
 
 
 
@@ -177,7 +177,15 @@ def _same_file(files: list[dict], file_entry: dict, emu_name: str) -> dict | Non
     def other_path(f: dict) -> str:
         return str(f.get("path") or "").casefold()
 
-    same_name = [f for f in files if f["name"].lower() == name_lower]
+    # A label and a name a core opens are one file only on a shared hash:
+    # pcsx_rearmed's hashless scph1001.bin took the md5 of DuckStation's
+    # label of that name, another dump.
+    labelled = not file_entry.get("_opens_by_name", True)
+    same_name = [
+        f for f in files
+        if f["name"].lower() == name_lower
+        and (labelled == (not f.get("_named_by", True)) or _shares_hash(f, file_entry))
+    ]
     return (
         next((f for f in same_name if path and other_path(f) == path), None)
         # Another core's file of the same name is the same file unless their
@@ -201,6 +209,13 @@ def _same_file(files: list[dict], file_entry: dict, emu_name: str) -> dict | Non
     )
 
 
+def _shares_hash(a: dict, b: dict) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        _declared(a, field) & _declared(b, field)
+        for field in ("sha1", "md5", "sha256", "crc32")
+    )
+
+
 def _declared(entry: dict, field: str) -> set[str]:
     """The values an entry declares for a hash field, one or a list."""
     value = entry.get(field)
@@ -221,6 +236,8 @@ def _fold_into(existing: dict, file_entry: dict, emu_name: str) -> None:
     """Add one core's declaration to the entry that already stands for it."""
     revision = emu_name in existing.get("_cores", ())
     existing["_cores"] = existing.get("_cores", set()) | {emu_name}
+    if file_entry.get("_opens_by_name", True):
+        existing["_named_by"] = existing.get("_named_by", set()) | {emu_name}
     sr = file_entry.get("source_ref")
     if sr is not None:
         sr_key = _serialize_source_ref(sr)
@@ -317,6 +334,7 @@ def _new_truth_entry(file_entry: dict, emu_name: str, db: dict | None) -> dict:
         entry["crc32"] = crc.removeprefix("0x").lower()
     entry["_cores"] = {emu_name}
     entry["_required_by"] = {emu_name} if file_entry.get("required") else set()
+    entry["_named_by"] = {emu_name} if file_entry.get("_opens_by_name", True) else set()
     sr = file_entry.get("source_ref")
     entry["_source_refs"] = {_serialize_source_ref(sr)} if sr is not None else set()
     if db:
@@ -545,7 +563,7 @@ def generate_platform_truth(
         cores_profiled.add(emu_name)
 
         filtered = _archives_not_members([
-            fe
+            {**fe, "_opens_by_name": opens_by_name(fe, profile, standalone)}
             for view, standalone in platform_layouts(emu_name, profile, standalone_set)
             for fe in _system_dir_files(view, standalone)
         ])
@@ -637,6 +655,7 @@ def generate_platform_truth(
         for fe in sys_data.get("files", []):
             fe["_cores"] = sorted(fe.get("_cores", set()))
             fe["_required_by"] = sorted(fe.get("_required_by", set()))
+            fe["_named_by"] = sorted(fe.get("_named_by", set()))
             fe["_source_refs"] = sorted(fe.get("_source_refs", set()))
         # Add per-system coverage
         cov = system_cores.get(sys_id, {})
@@ -717,7 +736,7 @@ def _diff_system(truth_sys: dict, scraped_sys: dict) -> dict:
     correct while the export corrected hashes the diff never named. An entry
     never answers for two.
     """
-    from exporter.baseline import _is_placeholder, pair_entries, platform_declares
+    from exporter.baseline import _is_placeholder, is_label, pair_entries, platform_declares
 
     truth_files = [
         fe for fe in truth_sys.get("files", [])
@@ -737,7 +756,7 @@ def _diff_system(truth_sys: dict, scraped_sys: dict) -> dict:
     for t_index, t_entry in enumerate(truth_files):
         s_position = pairs.get(t_index)
         if s_position is None:
-            if not platform_declares(t_entry, scraped_files):
+            if not is_label(t_entry) and not platform_declares(t_entry, scraped_files):
                 missing.append(
                     {
                         "name": t_entry["name"],
diff --git a/scripts/validation.py b/scripts/validation.py
index e3ba678c..e009c4fc 100644
--- a/scripts/validation.py
+++ b/scripts/validation.py
@@ -512,6 +512,23 @@ def declaration_settles(
     return False
 
 
+def opens_by_name(file_entry: dict, profile: dict, standalone: bool = False) -> bool:
+    """Whether the code opens this entry by its name.
+
+    A core that scans a folder and identifies firmware by content
+    (DuckStation by MD5, bios.cpp:208) gives its entries names that are
+    labels. `found_by` says which, on the file or the profile, keyed by
+    build when the two builds differ.
+    """
+    for source in (file_entry, profile):
+        value = source.get("found_by")
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            value = value.get("standalone" if standalone else "libretro")
+        if value:
+            return value != "content"
+    return True
+
+
 def filter_files_by_mode(files: list[dict], standalone: bool) -> list[dict]:
     """Filter file entries by libretro/standalone mode."""
     result = []
diff --git a/tests/test_exporters.py b/tests/test_exporters.py
index a5c91b69..1171a053 100644
--- a/tests/test_exporters.py
+++ b/tests/test_exporters.py
@@ -330,6 +330,49 @@ class Reconciliation(unittest.TestCase):
         scraped_sys = {"files": [{"name": "scph1001.bin", "md5": "b" * 32}]}
         self.assertNotIn("hash_mismatch", _diff_system(truth_sys, scraped_sys))
 
+    def test_a_label_is_never_added(self):
+        """A name only a content-scanning core gives is no file to hold."""
+        truth = {"systems": {"sony-playstation": {"files": [
+            {"name": "scph1001_v20.bin", "md5": "a" * 32,
+             "_cores": ["duckstation"], "_named_by": []},
+            {"name": "scph5903.bin", "md5": "c" * 32,
+             "_cores": ["beetle_psx"], "_named_by": ["beetle_psx"]},
+        ]}}}
+        scraped = {"systems": {"sony-playstation": {"native_id": "psx", "files": [
+            {"name": "scph5501.bin", "destination": "scph5501.bin",
+             "native_system": "psx", "md5": "d" * 32}]}}}
+        systems, report = build_native_model(truth, scraped)
+        self.assertEqual([fe.name for fe in systems["psx"].files],
+                         ["scph5501.bin", "scph5903.bin"])
+        self.assertEqual(report.files_added, 1)
+
+    def test_a_label_pairs_by_content_only(self):
+        """DuckStation's and rustation's scph5000.bin labels carried another
+        dump's md5 and, paired by name, replaced System.dat's scph5000.bin."""
+        truth = {"systems": {"sony-playstation": {"files": [
+            {"name": "scph5000.bin", "md5": "a" * 32,
+             "_cores": ["duckstation"], "_named_by": []},
+            {"name": "other_label.bin", "md5": "e" * 32, "sha256": "f" * 64,
+             "_cores": ["duckstation"], "_named_by": []},
+        ]}}}
+        scraped = {"systems": {"sony-playstation": {"native_id": "psx", "files": [
+            {"name": "scph5000.bin", "destination": "scph5000.bin",
+             "native_system": "psx", "md5": "b" * 32},
+            {"name": "scph7001.bin", "destination": "scph7001.bin",
+             "native_system": "psx", "md5": "e" * 32},
+        ]}}}
+        systems, report = build_native_model(truth, scraped)
+        scph5000, scph7001 = systems["psx"].files
+        self.assertIsNone(scph5000.truth)
+        self.assertEqual(scph7001.truth["name"], "other_label.bin")
+        self.assertEqual(report.hashes_corrected, [])
+
+    def test_the_diff_names_no_missing_label(self):
+        from truth import _diff_system
+        truth_sys = {"files": [{"name": "scph1001_v20.bin", "md5": "a" * 32,
+                                "_cores": ["duckstation"], "_named_by": []}]}
+        self.assertNotIn("missing", _diff_system(truth_sys, {"files": []}))
+
     def test_the_diff_pairs_by_the_same_rule(self):
         """diff_truth reads the same pairing, or it names a mismatch the
         export does not correct."""
diff --git a/tests/test_truth_layout.py b/tests/test_truth_layout.py
index 1beaf92d..24625459 100644
--- a/tests/test_truth_layout.py
+++ b/tests/test_truth_layout.py
@@ -294,5 +294,50 @@ class ASizeOutsideARangeIsAnotherFile(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(system["files"]), 2)
 
 
+class TruthRecordsWhoOpensByName(unittest.TestCase):
+    """DuckStation finds its BIOS by MD5 in a folder it scans (bios.cpp:208,
+    397-427): its names are labels. The export wrote them into Batocera's
+    list as files to hold, and a user with only scph5501.bin read 104
+    missing BIOS where DuckStation boots."""
+
+    DUCK = {"type": "libretro", "systems": ["sony-playstation"], "found_by": "content",
+            "files": [{"name": "scph1001_v20.bin", "md5": "a" * 32},
+                      {"name": "scph1001.bin", "md5": "b" * 32}]}
+    PCSX = {"type": "libretro", "systems": ["sony-playstation"],
+            "files": [{"name": "scph1001.bin", "size": 524288}]}
+
+    def truth(self, profiles: dict) -> dict:
+        config = {"cores": list(profiles), "systems": {"sony-playstation": {"files": []}}}
+        return generate_platform_truth("p", config, {}, profiles)
+
+    def entries(self, truth: dict) -> list[dict]:
+        return truth["systems"]["sony-playstation"]["files"]
+
+    def test_a_content_scanning_core_names_nothing(self):
+        truth = self.truth({"duckstation": self.DUCK})
+        self.assertEqual({f["name"]: f["_named_by"] for f in self.entries(truth)},
+                         {"scph1001_v20.bin": [], "scph1001.bin": []})
+
+    def test_a_label_lends_no_hash_to_a_name_another_core_opens(self):
+        """pcsx_rearmed opens scph1001.bin by name, with no hash: it took the
+        md5 of DuckStation's label of that name."""
+        truth = self.truth({"duckstation": self.DUCK, "pcsx": self.PCSX})
+        named = [f for f in self.entries(truth) if f["_named_by"] == ["pcsx"]]
+        self.assertEqual(len(named), 1)
+        self.assertNotIn("md5", named[0])
+
+    def test_the_build_decides(self):
+        ymir = {"type": "standalone + libretro", "systems": ["sega-saturn"],
+                "found_by": {"standalone": "content"},
+                "files": [{"name": "sega_101.bin", "md5": "c" * 32}]}
+        config = {"cores": ["ymir"], "standalone_cores": [],
+                  "systems": {"sega-saturn": {"files": []}}}
+        libretro = generate_platform_truth("p", config, {}, {"ymir": ymir})
+        self.assertEqual(libretro["systems"]["sega-saturn"]["files"][0]["_named_by"], ["ymir"])
+        config["standalone_cores"] = ["ymir"]
+        standalone = generate_platform_truth("p", config, {}, {"ymir": ymir})
+        self.assertEqual(standalone["systems"]["sega-saturn"]["files"][0]["_named_by"], [])
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/wiki/profiling.md b/wiki/profiling.md
index b91fece1..b62f433a 100644
--- a/wiki/profiling.md
+++ b/wiki/profiling.md
@@ -404,6 +404,7 @@ partitions), and `game_count`.
 | `has_builtin` | true if the core falls back to a built-in copy when the file is absent |
 | `config_key` | configuration key the emulator exposes to point at the file |
 | `load_from` | directory the core reads the file from when it is not the system directory |
+| `found_by` | `name` when the code opens the file by its name (the default), `content` when it scans a folder and identifies the file by hash, so the name is only a label (DuckStation by MD5, `bios.cpp:208`). Set on the profile or on one file, a dict splits `standalone` from `libretro`. A label is never written into a platform file as a name to hold, and pairs with a platform entry only by hash |
 | `source_ref` | source file and line number (e.g. `boot.cpp:42`), read at the profile's `source_commit` when set. A dict splits `standalone` from `libretro` when they diverge. In a profile that declares both `source` and `upstream`, each cited path opens with the one its lines are in: `source libretro.c:120` for the port's own code, `upstream emu/memory.c:46` for the emulator's, including the copy a port carries. `profile_sync --attribute-refs` writes these words from where the lines are found, and the site labels each citation with them |
 | `path` | destination path relative to system directory |
 | `standalone_path` | where the standalone build reads the file, under its own data folder, when it differs from `path` (the libretro destination). Packs for a platform running the emulator standalone use it |