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emulator: Mednafen
type: standalone
core_classification: other
source: "https://mednafen.github.io/"
upstream: "https://mednafen.github.io/"
profiled_date: "2026-08-08"
core_version: "1.32.1"
display_name: "Mednafen"
cores: [mednafen]
mode: standalone
systems:
- apple-ii
- apple-iie
- atari-lynx
- bandai-wswan
- bandai-wswanc
- nec-pc-engine
- nec-pc-engine-cd
- nec-pcfx
- nec-supergrafx
- nintendo-fds
- nintendo-gb
- nintendo-gbc
- nintendo-gba
- nintendo-nes
- nintendo-snes
- nintendo-virtualboy
- sega-gamegear
- sega-mastersystem
- sega-megacd
- sega-megadrive
- sega-saturn
- sega-stv
- snk-ngp
- snk-ngpc
- sony-playstation
notes: |
Multi-system emulator by the Mednafen Team, the upstream of the beetle_* and
mednafen_* libretro cores, which are forks of individual modules. A module is
picked automatically from the file, or forced with -force_module <name>.
Every firmware file resolves to <base>/<filesys.path_firmware>/<name>, with
filesys.path_firmware defaulting to "firmware" and the base directory being
~/.mednafen on Unix. An absolute path in either the setting or the per-file
path setting bypasses that. A file placed directly in the base directory is
still found, as a pre-0.9.0 compatibility fallback.
ref: general.cpp:277-300, mednafen.cpp:124
Modules compiled by default that load no external file: gb, snes, snes_faust,
vb, wswan, ngp, sms, gg. The snes module (bsnes 0.059) has every coprocessor
ROM compiled in; snes_faust synthesises the DSP-1 and CX4 data ROMs
(cart/dsp1-datarom-synth.h, cart/cx4.cpp:58); ngp installs a reverse
engineered HLE BIOS (ngp/bios.cpp:182-239).
The nes_new module is declared but never built: configure.ac:392-393 keeps
both the AC_DEFINE and the AM_CONDITIONAL commented out.
cdplay (audio CD), ssfplay (Saturn SSF) and sasplay (Sega Model 2/3 SCSP
sound) are player modules, not system emulation. sasplay reads the board's
sound ROM set from the directory of the loaded file, never from the firmware
directory (sasplay.cpp:869-886), so those ROMs are game content.
Two settings name an external file that is not firmware data. wswan.excomm.path
("wonderfence") is an executable forked and execlp'd for link comms
(comm.cpp:56-65). Custom palettes resolve to <gamebase>.pal,
<gamebase>.<md5>.pal or <shortname>.pal (general.cpp:303-322) and are
user-authored.
ES-DE invokes the binary as %EMULATOR_MEDNAFEN% -force_module <module> %ROM%
and declares no BIOS of its own.
files:
# --- apple2 ---
# apple2.model defaults to "ii_ii+" (apple2.cpp:3137). Under that model the
# system firmware is Applesoft and the ROM card is Integer (apple2.cpp:1868-1870),
# but the ROM card is skipped while the language card is active, which 64 KiB
# of RAM enables (apple2.cpp:2238, 2362). Loading a DOS 3.2 disk forces RAM to
# 48 KiB and the Disk II firmware to 13-sector (apple2.cpp:2000-2006), which
# brings both the ROM card and the 13-sector pair into play with no user action.
- name: "apple2-asoft-auto.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Apple II+ AppleSoft BASIC and Autostart system ROMs, concatenated (341-0011, 341-0012, 341-0013, 341-0014, 341-0015, 341-0020)"
required: true
min_size: 12288
sha256: "fc3e9d41e9428534a883df5aa10eb55b73ea53d2fcbb3ee4f39bed1b07a82905"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:1342-1350, 1869, 2282, 1473-1476"
note: "System firmware for model ii+, ROM card for model ii. Read as 0x3000 bytes at $D000. The hash is in the ROMDB table and only labels the dump in the startup log; nothing rejects a mismatch."
- name: "apple2-int-auto.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Apple II Integer BASIC and Autostart system ROMs, concatenated (341-0001, 341-0002, 341-0003, 341-0020)"
required: true
min_size: 8192
sha256: "cb52b212a62f808c2f59600b2823491ee12bd91cab8e0260fe34b5f14c47552f"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:1352-1363, 1860, 2284, 2392, 1468-1471"
note: "System firmware for model ii, ROM card for model ii+. Read as 0x2000 bytes at $E000, the $D000-$DFFF window stays unmapped. Reached under the default model when a DOS 3.2 disk drops RAM to 48 KiB."
- name: "apple2e.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Apple IIe BASIC and system ROMs, concatenated (342-0135-A, 342-0134-A)"
required: true
min_size: 16384
sha256: "1fb812584c6633fa16b77b20915986ed1178d1e6fc07a647f7ee8d4e6ab9d40b"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:1320-1325, 2266, 1478-1481"
note: "Loaded unconditionally when apple2.model is iie. Read as 0x4000 bytes at $C000."
- name: "apple2e-video.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Apple IIe video (character generator) ROM, 342-0133-A"
required: true
min_size: 4096
sha256: "ed5bdd4afa509134e85f1d020685af7ff50e279226eb869a17825b471cc1634c"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2299-2324, 1488-1491"
note: "Loading aborts on sha256 0d54ff735c060c55d54b8a22d0112af78a6465ce9c9aae4a865d207e5c8ff1e7, a known bad dump (apple2.cpp:2319-2320). No positive hash check."
- name: "apple2e-kb.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Apple IIe keyboard ASCII mapping ROM, 342-0132-B"
required: true
min_size: 2048
sha256: "68198ae95923926b0307893d03ec286f00822c93a0b6dabfca565f6718dd5a56,fbb9620e01f4f728e5a8ba86544900978d7803f6a7d577d384e288dfed9a4907"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2331-2351, 1498-1506"
note: "The first hash is 342-0132-B, the second the revised IIe dump 342-0132-C; both are recognised at this filename and neither is checked. Read as 0x800 bytes."
- name: "apple2e-enh.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Enhanced Apple IIe BASIC and system ROMs, concatenated (342-0304-A, 342-0303-A, 342-0349-B)"
required: true
min_size: 16384
sha256: "aab38a03ca8deabbb2f868733148c2efd6f655a59cd9c5d058ef3e0b7aa86a1a"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:1327-1332, 2264, 1483-1486"
note: "Loaded unconditionally when apple2.model is iie_enh. Read as 0x4000 bytes at $C000."
- name: "apple2e-enh-video.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Enhanced Apple IIe video (character generator) ROM, 342-0265-A"
required: true
min_size: 4096
sha256: "52c3b87900ac939f6525402cab1ccfd8f8259290fc6df54da48fb4c98ae3ed0f"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2299-2324, 1493-1496"
note: "Same bad-dump rejection as apple2e-video.rom."
- name: "apple2e-enh-kb.rom"
system: apple-iie
description: "Enhanced Apple IIe keyboard ASCII mapping ROM, 341-0132-D"
required: true
min_size: 2048
sha256: "a1989da84ea4381d309e7e08783771f884e913236b9bcc71c3d649aacf76537a"
validation: [size]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2331-2351, 1508-1511"
- name: "disk2-16boot.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Disk II interface 16-sector P5 boot ROM, 341-0027"
required: true
size: 256
sha256: "de1e3e035878bab43d0af8fe38f5839c527e9548647036598ee6fe7ec74d2a7d"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2119, 2127-2137, 1620"
note: "Default Disk II firmware. The sha256 is enforced: a mismatch throws \"Firmware data ... is corrupt or otherwise wrong\"."
- name: "disk2-16seq.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Disk II interface 16-sector P6 sequencer ROM, 341-0028"
required: true
size: 256
sha256: "e5e30615040567c1e7a2d21599681f8dac820edbdcda177b816a64d74b3a12f2"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2120, 2127-2137, 1620"
note: "P6 sequencer dumps taken linearly through the P5 socket must have A7 swapped with A5, D4 with D7 and D5 with D6 before Mednafen accepts them. P5 boot ROMs need no such rearranging."
- name: "disk2-13boot.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Disk II interface 13-sector P5 boot ROM, 341-0009"
required: true
size: 256
sha256: "2d2599521fc5763d4e8c308c2ee7c5c4d5c93785b8fb9a4f7d0381dfd5eb60b6"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2113, 2127-2137, 2000-2006"
note: "Selected automatically for DOS 3.2 disks, or by disk2.firmware 13sec in a MAI file."
- name: "disk2-13seq.rom"
system: apple-ii
description: "Disk II interface 13-sector P6 sequencer ROM, 341-0010"
required: true
size: 256
sha256: "4234aed053c622b266014c4e06ab1ce9e0e085d94a28512aa4030462be0a3cb9"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "apple2/apple2.cpp:2114, 2127-2137, 2000-2006"
note: "Same P6 rearranging as disk2-16seq.rom. A linear P5-socket dump hashes to 383c55f5333cbfde39dd41528186631e5aca2eddfec30716344f03b6a4d44655 and is rejected."
# --- lynx ---
- name: "lynxboot.img"
system: atari-lynx
description: "Atari Lynx boot ROM"
required: true
min_size: 512
validation: [size]
source_ref: "lynx/system.cpp:101, lynx/rom.cpp:55-74"
note: "Loaded for every cartridge, before the cart itself. Throws if the file is under 512 bytes; the first 512 bytes are used. No hash check and no HLE fallback."
# --- nes ---
- name: "disksys.rom"
system: nintendo-fds
description: "Famicom Disk System BIOS"
required: true
min_size: 8192
validation: [size]
source_ref: "nes/fds.cpp:603-617"
note: "8192 bytes are read. If they begin with an iNES signature the stream is advanced another 16 bytes, plus 16384 more when byte 4 of the header reads 2, and a second 8192 bytes are read from there."
- name: "gg.rom"
system: nintendo-nes
description: "Game Genie ROM image"
required: false
min_size: 4352
source_ref: "nes/cart.cpp:570-597, nes/nes.cpp:298-299, nes/nes.cpp:454-455"
note: "Loaded only when nes.gg is enabled; that setting defaults to 0. Path comes from nes.ggrom. A raw image is read as 4352 contiguous bytes. An iNES image takes 4096 bytes of PRG after the 16-byte header, then 256 bytes of CHR at offset 16400, so it needs at least 16656 bytes. The image here is the raw form: the 4096 byte Game Genie PRG, crc 1a3a22a1, followed by the first 256 bytes of its CHR, both from the MAME ggenie set."
# --- pce and pce_fast ---
- name: "syscard3.pce"
system: nec-pc-engine-cd
description: "CD-ROM System Card 3.0"
required: true
size: 262144
source_ref: "pce/pce.cpp:647-656, 1103, pce_fast/pce.cpp:480-487, 647"
note: "Default of both pce.cdbios and pce_fast.cdbios. The pce module imposes no size constraint, the file length drives the bank mapping (pce/huc.cpp:308-372). The pce_fast module reads exactly 262144 bytes and skips a 512-byte copier header when the file size has bit 9 set (pce_fast/huc.cpp:296-301). Arcade Card mode extends the same image, it does not need another file."
- name: "gecard.pce"
system: nec-pc-engine-cd
description: "Games Express CD Card BIOS"
required: false
size: 262144
source_ref: "pce/pce.cpp:514-550, 647-648, 1104"
note: "Default of pce.gecdbios, used instead of pce.cdbios when DetectGECD recognises the disc. The pce_fast module has no equivalent setting."
# --- pcfx ---
- name: "pcfx.rom"
system: nec-pcfx
description: "PC-FX BIOS"
required: true
size: 1048576
validation: [size]
source_ref: "pcfx/pcfx.cpp:605-618, 1115"
note: "Default of pcfx.bios. Must be exactly 1048576 bytes or loading throws. No hash check."
- name: "fx-scsi.rom"
system: nec-pcfx
description: "PC-FX FX-SCSI expansion ROM"
required: false
min_size: 524288
source_ref: "pcfx/pcfx.cpp:620-632, 1116"
note: "Path comes from pcfx.fxscsi, which defaults to \"0\" and is skipped for the values 0, none and the empty string. Mednafen names no default file and opens the path with a bare FileStream, so it is not resolved under the firmware directory; the name here is the one the dump circulates under, to point the setting at. Marked developer-only upstream. 524288 bytes are read and mapped at 0x80780000."
# --- psx ---
- name: "scph5500.bin"
system: sony-playstation
description: "SCPH-5500 / v3.0J BIOS"
region: [japan]
required: true
size: 524288
sha256: "9c0421858e217805f4abe18698afea8d5aa36ff0727eb8484944e00eb5e7eadb"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "psx/psx.cpp:1764-1769, 1773-1781, 2373, 251"
note: "Default of psx.bios_jp. Size must be exactly 524288. With psx.bios_sanity on, which is the default, a hash listed as a bad dump or as belonging to another region throws; an unknown hash only logs a warning."
- name: "scph5501.bin"
system: sony-playstation
description: "SCPH-5501 / v3.0A BIOS"
region: [north-america]
required: true
size: 524288
sha256: "11052b6499e466bbf0a709b1f9cb6834a9418e66680387912451e971cf8a1fef"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "psx/psx.cpp:1764-1769, 1773-1781, 2374, 252"
note: "Default of psx.bios_na. The BIOS table carries 24 recognised dumps in total, two of them flagged bad (psx.cpp:228-268)."
- name: "scph5502.bin"
system: sony-playstation
description: "SCPH-5502 / v3.0E BIOS"
region: [europe, oceania]
required: true
size: 524288
sha256: "1faaa18fa820a0225e488d9f086296b8e6c46df739666093987ff7d8fd352c09"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "psx/psx.cpp:1764-1769, 1773-1781, 2375, 253"
note: "Default of psx.bios_eu."
# --- ss (Saturn and ST-V) ---
# ss.bios_jp serves the JP and Asia NTSC areas, ss.bios_na_eu every other
# area (ss.cpp:1431-1434). With ss.bios_sanity on, which is the default, the
# five hashes below are checked three ways: a file carrying one of these
# names must hash to the matching digest, a recognised hash must belong to
# the area being emulated, and a Saturn hash is refused for ST-V and the
# reverse (ss.cpp:1447-1492).
- name: "sega_101.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Saturn BIOS v1.01 (Japan)"
region: [japan, asia-ntsc]
required: true
size: 524288
sha256: "dcfef4b99605f872b6c3b6d05c045385cdea3d1b702906a0ed930df7bcb7deac"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1431-1434, 1437-1445, 2441, 1459"
note: "Default of ss.bios_jp."
- name: "mpr-17933.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Saturn BIOS (North America and Europe)"
region: [north-america, europe, south-korea, asia-pal, brazil, latin-america]
required: true
size: 524288
sha256: "96e106f740ab448cf89f0dd49dfbac7fe5391cb6bd6e14ad5e3061c13330266f"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1431-1434, 1437-1445, 2442, 1461"
note: "Default of ss.bios_na_eu."
- name: "sega1003.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Saturn BIOS v1.003 (Japan)"
region: [japan, asia-ntsc]
required: false
size: 524288
sha256: "cc1e1b7f88f1c6e6fc35994bae2c2292e06fdae258c79eb26a1f1391e72914a8"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1457, 1447-1492"
note: "Recognised alternative for ss.bios_jp."
- name: "sega_100.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Saturn BIOS v1.00 (Japan)"
region: [japan, asia-ntsc]
required: false
size: 524288
sha256: "ae4058627bb5db9be6d8d83c6be95a4aa981acc8a89042e517e73317886c8bc2"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1458, 1447-1492"
note: "Recognised alternative for ss.bios_jp."
- name: "sega_100a.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Saturn BIOS v1.00a (North America and Europe)"
region: [north-america, europe, south-korea, asia-pal, brazil, latin-america]
required: false
size: 524288
sha256: "87293093fad802fcff31fcab427a16caff1acbc5184899b8383b360fd58efb73"
validation: [size, sha256]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1460, 1447-1492"
note: "Recognised alternative for ss.bios_na_eu."
- name: "epr-20091.ic8"
system: sega-stv
description: "ST-V BIOS (Japan)"
region: [japan, asia-ntsc]
required: true
size: 524288
validation: [size]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1420-1428, 1437-1445, 2444"
note: "Default of ss.bios_stv_jp. ST-V dumps are absent from the sanity table, so only the 524288-byte size is enforced. Loaded byte-swapped the other way round from a Saturn BIOS (ss.cpp:1495-1499)."
- name: "epr-17952a.ic8"
system: sega-stv
description: "ST-V BIOS (North America)"
region: [north-america, south-korea, asia-pal, brazil, latin-america]
required: true
size: 524288
validation: [size]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1420-1428, 1437-1445, 2445"
note: "Default of ss.bios_stv_na, used for every area that is not Japan, Asia NTSC or PAL Europe."
- name: "epr-17954a.ic8"
system: sega-stv
description: "ST-V BIOS (Europe)"
region: [europe]
required: true
size: 524288
validation: [size]
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1420-1428, 1437-1445, 2446"
note: "Default of ss.bios_stv_eu."
- name: "mpr-18811-mx.ic1"
system: sega-saturn
description: "King of Fighters '95 ROM cart"
required: false
min_size: 2097152
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1332, 1389-1397, 2477, ss/cart/rom.cpp:37-48"
note: "Default of ss.cart.kof95_path. Loaded when the cart type resolves to KOF95, which ss.cart auto does from the internal game database. 0x200000 bytes are read and byte-swapped."
- name: "mpr-19367-mx.ic1"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Ultraman: Hikari no Kyojin Densetsu ROM cart"
required: false
min_size: 2097152
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1333, 1389-1397, 2478, ss/cart/rom.cpp:37-48"
note: "Default of ss.cart.ultraman_path. Same loading path as the KoF 95 cart."
- name: "satar4mp.bin"
system: sega-saturn
description: "Action Replay 4M Plus firmware"
required: false
min_size: 262144
source_ref: "ss/ss.cpp:1334, 1389-1397, 2479, ss/cart/ar4mp.cpp:125-140"
note: "Default of ss.cart.satar4mp_path. 0x40000 bytes are read into the flash array and byte-swapped. The setting is hidden from the documentation and the cart is marked unfinished upstream, pending CPU UBC emulation (ar4mp.cpp:22-24)."
# --- md ---
- name: "us_scd1_9210.bin"
system: sega-megacd
description: "Sega CD BIOS"
required: true
size: 131072
validation: [size]
source_ref: "md/cd/cd.cpp:894-915, 971-989, md/system.cpp:630-641, 801, 755"
note: "Default of md.cdbios. LoadCD is wired into the module and reaches MDCD_Init, which throws unless the file is exactly 131072 bytes. The setting's own help text states that Sega CD emulation is currently nonfunctional."
# --- gba ---
- name: "gba_bios.bin"
system: nintendo-gba
description: "Game Boy Advance BIOS"
required: false
hle_fallback: true
size: 16384
validation: [size]
source_ref: "gba/GBA.cpp:2470-2494, 3278, 772"
note: "Path comes from gba.bios, which defaults to the empty string and is skipped for the values 0, none and the empty string, so Mednafen names no default file; the name here is the one the dump circulates under, to point the setting at. When set, the file must be exactly 16384 bytes. Otherwise the built-in HLE BIOS myROM is used, and the setting is ignored outright for GSF playback."
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